Islam An Abrahamic Monotheistic Religions - 1675 Words

Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that believes that there is only one god, Allah. Today, it is one of the fastest-growing major religions in the world with over 1.6 billion followers which makes up 23% of the population. The great religion had a modest beginning and preserved to spread and become the force that it is today. Most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina in the beginning of the 7th century. The religion was first established by the prophet Muhammad whom the archangel Jibril (Gabriel) revealed the Qur’an to. During this time, there was increasing conflict in Mecca between different social classes and Muhammad’s message appealed to those that were suffering and through this, Islam began to†¦show more content†¦The first battle was during the conquests was the Battle of Qadisiyya during the year 637 that was fought between the Muslim-Arabs and the Sasanian Persians. In 636, Caliph Umar sent roughly 8,000 men to Iraq, where they were met by the Persian forces and elephants under the command of Rostam. Despite the size of the opposing Persian army, the â€Å"Arabs were inspired by the knowledge that Allah was behind them and the preaching of Muhammad† and fought hard. The victor of the Battle of Qadisiyya was largely decided by the arrival of Syrain reinforcements and the death of key Persian figures such as Rostam. This victory was crucial to the conquest of Iraq and gave the Muslim Arabs access to Sawad and Ctesiphon. The next battle was in the year 642, Yazhgerd raised another army in JebÄ l to fight off the Muslim Arabs that were approaching the city of Nehavand. In response, Umar decided to combine the forces in Kufan and Basran to fight against the Persian army. The full extent and progression of the battle is hard to piece together because of anecdotal stories that have slipped into the records, but it is generally believed to have lasted several days before a Muslim victory was declared.This victory effectively ended the resistance in the JebÄ l and gave the Muslims greater access to trade routes, allowing them to grow andShow MoreRelatedSimilarities and Causes for Unfamilirity between Christianity and Islam1566 Words   |  7 PagesA religion can be thought of as a paradigm comprised of dogmas, cultural structures, and world views that govern the connection between an order of being and the human race. The majority of religions use cultural narratives, iconography, and sacred histories to elucidate the radix and meaning of not only life but also the universe. Devotees of a certain religion derive their morals, values, beliefs, and life choices from their respective indoctrinated convictions. Currently, there are approximatelyRead MoreAbrahamic Faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam1302 Words   |  5 Pages Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are united as Abrahamic Faiths because they share many common beliefs and thoughts. Over two billion people practice Christianity. Judaism is the original Abrahamic faith and originated in the Middle East over three thousand five hundred years ago. Islam is the second largest religion in the world, revealed over one thousand four hundred years ago in Mecca, Arabia. These three faiths share many common characteristics when it comes to their outlook on god, women inRead MoreThe Quran And The Prophet Muhammad914 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween the Abrahamic religions, how the Quran portray the Jews and Christians, and the impor tant connections between the Abrahamic religions. These are the key points that one will understand by the in depth process of analyzing the Quran document. There is a relationship between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity when it comes to certain aspects in each religious practice. On the other hand, there are also relationships between two of the religions and not all. These Abrahamic religions believe inRead MoreAbrahamic Religions : Judaism, Christianity, And Islam1407 Words   |  6 PagesAbrahamic Religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam ​The Abrahamic religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the three key Western Religions they all exercise monotheism, achieving peace though justice, God’s love and mercy, all three trace back to the prophet Abraham in some way, even though he was first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. These three religions are very closely unified because they share many common beliefs and thoughts, and they all rely on holy books or scriptures as a life-guidedRead MoreClassification of Religions1509 Words   |  7 PagesASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION ESSAY ON RELIGION Name : Reg. No. : Course Submitted to : RELIGION: Religion is a set of beliefs, cultural system and worldviews that establish symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and to moral values. It defines who you are, what you are and your views about the world. It gives its followers guidelines which frames their actions, attitudes, cultures and belief. TYPES OF RELIGIONS: There are more than four thousand religions in this world, however, most ofRead MoreTaking a Look at Islam733 Words   |  3 PagesIslam is a religion that tells it believers a complete way of living. The core belief of Islam is that there is no God but Allah and Muhammad (S.A.W) is the last prophet of God. The concept of worship in Islam is a general concept which meets all the good in religion and life. The truth of worship is all said and works that appeal to Allah and you are satisfied. The Muslim in life knows that he is a true servant of Allah and obeying Allah seeks to fulfill and to avoid what banned in all thingsRead MoreThe Religious Beliefs Of Judaism918 Words   |  4 PagesThe religious beliefs of Judaism, Christianity and Islam or the Abrahamic religions, claim all together more than half the world’s population. With such diverse populations of adherents it’s no wonder that the three are often thought to be at complete odds with one another. This state o f affairs is in large part due to the many instances of violence between the three, throughout history. Take for example, the Christian Crusades of the Medieval Era against Muslims who controlled the holy land of JerusalemRead MoreDifferences Of Christianity, Christianity And Monotheistic Religions1054 Words   |  5 PagesChristianity, Judaism, and Islam are the three major religions in the world with fourteen million followers for Judaism, 2.1 billion for Christianity, and 1.5 billion for Islam. While many people today only see the differences between the three major monotheistic religions, they are in fact much more similar than they are different. Each religion is Abrahamic, monotheistic, and the sacred texts all contain teachings. These religions are considered Abrahamic because they all consider Abraham theRead MoreDispute Resolution And Religion Class793 Words   |  4 PagesShaima Alharbi Dispute Resolution and Religion Reflection Paper #4 â€Å"DR and Abrahamic Faiths In Dispute Resolution and Religion class, by Prof. Pownall, three presentations of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam were presented each by a group of it’s believers. As every group had the opportunity to explain their faith and beliefs in their religion, I acknowledged that there are many resemblance between the three Abrahamic religions or at least in the point of â€Å"peacemaking†. In this paper, IRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Islam And Islam940 Words   |  4 Pagesand Islam Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are referred to as the three Abrahamic religions, this means that in addition to being monotheistic religions that worship the same God, these three religions feature Abraham in a foundational role (Gilman 15). Today’s government structures, traditions and laws of social behavior find their origin in the development of these three main beliefs. Although there has been the development of other religious movements throughout the years, Judaism, Islam and

Essay on Americas War on Drugs - 5842 Words

In 1968, President Richard Nixon initiated the War on Drugs when American soldiers were coming home from the Vietnam War addicted to heroin. More than a decade later, President Ronald Reagan launches the South Florida Drug Task force, headed by then Vice-President George Bush, in response to the city of Miami’s demand for help. In 1981, Miami was the financial and import central for cocaine and marijuana, and the residents were fed up. Thanks to the task force, drug arrests went up by 27%, and drug seizures went up by 50%. With that, the need for prosecutors and judges also rose. Despite these increased arrests and seizures, marijuana and cocaine still poured into south Florida. At this stage, the root of the problem, the Colombian†¦show more content†¦The Colombians, who want no Colombians in American Jails, oppose this. The drug dealers both respected and feared extradition, and recognized the threat. When the Colombian Justice Minister openly supported extradition, he was assassinated. Still, the U.S. pressures the extradition issue. In 1985, anti-Government Guerillas, mainly composed of the drug dealers, attack the Colombian Supreme Court. The extradition requests were destroyed, and eleven Supreme Court Justices were killed. In total, over 200 people lost their lives. At this point, the drug lords are using terrorism to force the Colombian government to back off the extradition issue. During the 1980s, it appeared that Central America was awash in drugs, and drug money. The violence continues today, through drug related gang violence, to botched drug raids. Drug dealers often carry weapons, some illegal, to defend themselves and their drugs. The drugs themselves do not cause violence; it is the fact that they are illegal that causes the violence. If two drug dealers have a dispute, they have no legal way for it to be settled. The only option for them is violence. At this time, the Parent’s Movement is focusing its attentions on marijuana and children. Nancy Reagan makes her famous â€Å"Just say No!† speech and President Reagan makes marijuana a top priority. Upon examining the relationship between marijuana use andShow MoreRelatedAmericas War On Drugs1528 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s war on drugs has failed. After millions of dollars and untold man hours spent enforcing the prohibition of illegal drugs, there is little, if any, success to show for it. Illicit drugs are still available on most American street corners, drug usage rates have not decreased, and the scourge of drug related violence continues to spread like wildfire. Sadly, the war on drugs has also resulted in the incarceration of millions of Americans for petty possession offenses and has created a blackRead More America’s Drug War Essay3563 Words   |  15 PagesThe War on Drugs, like the war on Terrorism, is a war that America may not be able to afford to win. For over forty years the United States has been fighting the War on Drugs and there is no end in sight. It has turned into a war that is about politics and economics rather than about drugs and cri minals. The victims of this war are numerous; but perhaps they are not as numerous as those who benefit from the war itself. History of U.S Drug Policy: While laws prohibiting the use of drugs, in oneRead MoreWar on Drugs: Americas Fight against Drugs1278 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Americas War on Drugs: In the past 40 years, the American government has spent more than $2.5 trillion dollars on the war against drugs. The huge expenditure has been coupled by numerous the ad campaigns, clean-up on smuggling, and increase in illicit drug users and incarceration rates. Actually, the increase in illicit drug users currently stands at 19.9 million in the United States with huge supplies from Mexico. With the increase in both the expenditure and number of illegal drug users, thereRead MoreAmericas Unjust Drug War Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesThe argument over drug reform and the current prohibition has been going on for years. It seems to be an argument between a wise parent and a young teenager, but as generations change more and more of the parents seem to switch sides. While prohibitionists say the mainstream drugs like cocaine, heroin, LSD, and marijuana are harmful and immoral, legalizers argue the opposite (Rachels 223). While they are both valid and interesting arguments the drugs named above still remain illegal. Many organizationsRead More America’s War on Drugs vs. Legalization Essay3396 Words   |  14 PagesAmerica’s War on Drugs vs. Legalization The United States has spent over 30 years fighting the war on drugs. Americans have paid a heavy price financially. The drug enforcement budget is now $40 billion. A lot of time, effort, and money go into America’s attempt in eliminating trafficking, dealing, and the use of illegal drugs. Many believe that this is a war worth fighting, while others feel that America will never conquer the war on drugs. The latter suggest legalization as an alternativeRead MoreAmerica’s Failing War on Drugs and the Culture of Incarceration2483 Words   |  10 PagesAmerica’s failing War on Drugs and the Culture of Incarceration Richard B. Carpenter Adams State College America’s failing War on Drugs and the Culture of Incarceration Richard B. Carpenter Adams State College Abstract For over a century, America has waged a failing war on drugs even as it feeds a cultural apathetic and underground acceptance of drug and alcohol use. The views of the dominate group have placed blame on society’s ills on the evilsRead MoreAmericas War on Drugs - The Prison Industrial Complex Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesAfter viewing the documentary: Americas War on Drugs - The Prison Industrial Complex, it is clear that the Criminal Justice System is in desperate need of reconstruction and repair with policies such as the mandatory minimum sentencing act which has proven to be unsuccessful and unjust in its efforts to deter criminals from committing illegal acts as seen with the increase of incarcerations of the American people and the devastating effect it has had on those in prison and the family members ofRead MoreThe Rockefeller Drug Laws: Americas War on Drugs: a War We Are Causing, a War We Can Solve1814 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Rockefeller Drug Laws were passed in 1973 under Governor Nelson Rockefeller, New York State has had the harshest sentencing for low-level, non-violent drug offenders of any other state in the nation. Under these laws, those convicted of drug offenses face the same penalties as those convicted of murder, and harsher penalties that those convicted of rape. (Sullum, 1) Though the laws were first enacted to curb the late-1960s-early-1970s psychedelic drug epidemic, New Yorks drug problem in factRead MoreThe Flawed Drug Policy of America1691 Words   |  7 PagesAmericas Flawed Drug Policy Introduction: As a major policy issue in the United States, the War on Drugs has been one of the most monumental failures on modern record. At a cost of billions of taxpayer dollars, thousands of lives lost and many thousands of others ruined by untreated addiction or incarceration, Americas policy orientation concerning drug laws is due for reconsideration. Indeed, the very philosophical orientation of the War on Drugs and of the current drug policy in the UnitedRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs1539 Words   |  7 Pages On June 17th, 1971, President Richard Nixon declared drug abuse to be â€Å"America’s Public Enemy #1† in a press conference in which he called for an â€Å"all out offensive† against this enemy, an initiative that would later be known as America’s War on Drugs. By giving this speech, thus starting â€Å"The War on Drugs,† President Nixon created what would eventually become one of the most catastrophic failures in United States political histo ry. Analysis of the historical events surrounding Nixon’s declaration

My Greatest Teacher free essay sample

To Whom It May Concern: A dog is a mans best friend. To some he is a faithful hunter and to others he is merely a couch decoration. To me, my dog is my greatest teacher. The beagle breed is known for it’s skills as a hunter, it’s loyalty and also for it’s affection. My beagle has all those qualities but she is also a blithering idiot. Murphy’s goofiness and love of life teaches me something new each day. She teaches me to appreciate waking up every morning and how to push my limits to see how far I can go. As a young puppy, Murphy ate something that had gone bad. She was taken to an animal hospital. I woke up that morning and did not find her. All day I was scared and upset. I got through a day of work worrying and wondering. That night when I went to go pick her up, she took one look at me and was glowing with happiness. We will write a custom essay sample on My Greatest Teacher or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her tail was going a mile a minute. It was at that minute that I knew everything would be ok. I knew we’d get through it together. This is when she taught me, even then, kindness. Now, everyday without fail I come home to a radiant puppy who will hug and kiss me just as long as she can stay on her hind legs. While not impossible to get angry with Murphy , it is almost impossible to resist her big brown eyes. Without Murphy, my life would not be as easy to get through. While searching for a puppy who would bloom into a good show dog, I was on the fence about three different breeds. I ultimately chose the beagle. While it hasn’t been the easiest choices, it will always be one of my best made and one I will never regret. Respect is something that is not plentiful and must be saved. Murphy does not always listen to me but we have a bond, a respect for each other that cannot be described. We’re best friends and equals but when the time comes she knows who is the Alpha. Roger Caras once said â€Å"Dogs are not our whole life, but they make our lives whole.† Murphy has been the infamous missing piece to my life. I took one look at her and everything fit. She has taught me humility. Even if Murphy is not the smartest of creatures, her instinct is amazing. Murphy has taught me the rules of the pack. Her skills as a hunter, while not practiced, are there so instinctively. Her knowledge of where the bunny is continues to amaze me. Murphy has taught me temperance and diligence. While not a perfect relationship, Murphy’s’ and my bond is strong and can survive almost anything. I still have much to learn about Murphy as she has a lot to learn about me . We understand each other. I hope to give her my all every day. As some one once said, â€Å" He is your friend, your partner, your defender, your dog. You are his life, his love, his leader. He will be yours, faithful and true, to the last beat of his heart. You owe it to him to be worthy of such devotion.†

The Eyes Of The Dragon Essays (2124 words) - Novels By Stephen King

The Eyes Of The Dragon The theme of the book, The Eyes of the Dragon, by Stephen King, is to stick to one's beliefs no matter what happens and always do what one knows is right. Don't give up on oneself; anything is possible. King Roland was the noble king of Delain. He was known as Roland the Good. He was, by far, not a bad king, though he was really not a great king. He meant no harm and was successful, but whenever he meant to do great things, he seemed to be unsuccessful. Roland, king of Delain, had two sons and had done his best to raise them without a wife. Peter, the oldest, was much like his father. He was successful at avoiding harm of the kingdom. In addition, he seemed to be more successful at the great things he attempted. Even as a little boy, Peter was loved by the kingdom, and many were looking forward to his reign as king. When Peter was merely a boy, he stood up against grown men for what he believed in. This was why the kingdom loved and appreciated him. In one instance, Peter was passing through the stableyard when he saw a lame horse about to be killed. Peter commanded Yosef, the palace fixture, to stop. After arguing, Peter managed to convince Yosef to give Peter one hour to find a veterinarian. Peter was to prove to Yosef that this horse would not die if taken care of. Just short of an hour later, Peter and the veterinarian returned. The veterinarian listened closely and agreed with Peter. The horse would never be a working horse again, but it would certainly make a great pet for Peter. This was only the beginning of Peter's wisdom and only a hint of the respect he would soon earn. Thomas was a little different. He was very quiet, so no one was really sure of him. He did mysterious things. The citizens of Delain were glad Thomas was the younger son, for no one wanted Thomas as king. Anyone who attempted to, could befriend Thomas and earn his complete reliance. This great weakness caused the downfall of Delain. Roland had become dependent on his magician, Flagg. Roland was a good man, but he wasn't clever. It was not known, but Flagg had come and gone many times through out the years. He had come and gone with one uncompleted goal. It was fortunate for Delain that Flagg tended to be unsuccessful with his plans. Roland the Good was getting old, and it was widely known that he would soon be leaving the crown to Peter. Disappointing news as it was, many strongly believed Peter was going to do great things throughout his reign. Peter soon grew up, and though he knew what was coming to him upon his father's death, Peter still wished his father many years to come. It had become tradition for Peter to take two glasses of wince to his father's room before retiring. Each man, glass in hand, sat together simply enjoying the company. This, among other things, made Thomas unhappy and extremely jealous. Thomas believed that he had no family to love. He had taken the blame for his mother's death and believed his father and brother had also placed the blame on him. It was probably because of this that Thomas had no friends, no confidence, and barely a will to live. Flagg, the brilliant magician that he was, used Thomas' weakness to his advantage. Flagg had attempted many times to destroy Delain. He waited year after year and finally his chance arose. He hadn't completely worked out the details, but he knew things would work out for him. Thomas and Flagg became quite close. Flagg knew he would finally complete his life's work, and Thomas would put his entire soul into getting what he had always wanted, a friend. Thomas confided his every though with Flagg, and Flagg showed great sincerity. Flagg knew all the secrets of the castle because of his coming and going throughout the centuries. Through the eyes of Niner, a dragon Roland had killed, there were peeping holes. Through a back hallway, one could find the hidden passage way

Chinese vs. Americans essays

Chinese vs. Americans essays Question #1. Some of the attributes of the Chinese workers that were that they did there work right on time. The Chinese could withstand the America alcohol and would not show up to work with hang-overs. They brought there sleeping materials and food to eat. - The employers were concerned with the cultural and personal habits because they didnt want to offend, or influence them with their religious beliefs and their own personal habits. - The Chinese differed from the whites and Europeans, because they had better work ethic (punctuality, and did what were told). They had a better quality of work, and were able to get it done faster. Question #2. The attitudes of the Big Four towards their employees, changed for their first impression of dislike towards them, and then liking them, due to their respect ability to get the work done and their good manners. - I believe that most of the Caucasian employees didnt trust the Chinese workers, but had to hire them due to the fact that no one else would do the labor that the Chinese would. The employers realized that the conduct of their Chinese workers was higher than that of their white employees. This helped influence the change in their. - Some of the long term results of this change was that the Chinese were offered more jobs than previously, and were treated with more respect. Question #3. Living in the life of Americans didnt change the Chinese workers that much in my opinion, because they still valued their own religious beliefs and personal beliefs also. The presence of the Chinese working along side of the Americans, helped because they the Americans) started to respect the Chinese more, and understand their culture. ...

How effective were the Conservative of 1979 Essays

How effective were the Conservative of 1979 Essays How effective were the Conservative of 1979 Essay How effective were the Conservative of 1979 Essay How effectual were the Conservative Governments of 1979 to 1997 in footings of the territorial direction of Scotland and Wales? Broadly speech production, the Conservative Governments’ territorial direction of Scotland and Wales during the period 1979 to 1997 was really similar to the disposal of England. A dominant political doctrine of laissez faire was prevailing across the UK at the clip that kept province intercession to a bare lower limit, allowing alternatively the pre?eminence of the free market in finding official policy. Yet the unusual degrees of protest witnessed in both Scotland and Wales as Tory regulation progressed points to a different truth, one that concealed an underlying antipathy towards the national parts of Britain emanating from the bosom of the Westminster decision?making procedure. For the intents of the following survey a chronological attack must be adopted that efforts to chart the altering attitudes in Tory policy towards Wales and Scotland during the period 1979?1997. A decision will be sought that efforts to demo that external factors kept the joint issues of Wales and Scotland at the head of the domestic political clime, in malice of Tory attempts to hush those voices in favor of federalism and degeneration. The most of import issue confronting the parts of Wales and Scotland in 1979 was without uncertainty the inquiry of degeneration. In March of 1979 referenda were held in Scotland and Wales, which were finally defeated in both states ; by an overpowering bulk of four to one in Wales, while the Scots ballot failed to give the necessary 40 % required for the degeneration procedure. Andrew Marr ( BBC Online: foremost viewed 09/01/06 ) highlights the grounds for the widespread failure of degeneration during the last parliament of the old Labour Party. â€Å"In 1979 degeneration carried the stigma of a failing authorities. It had been imposed on a dubious party by a London leading for strictly electoral grounds. It had been legislated for in a fog of internal dissent and confusion. It was campaigned for by divided parties at a clip of economic chaos.† The issue was therefore far from resolved when, two months subsequently in May 1979, Margaret Thatcher came to power, announcing the terminal of Labour’s compulsion with degeneration that had constituted the primary argument in British Parliament during the 1970’s. The Conservatives made it instantly clear that calls for degeneration would be deleted from Whitehall policy programmes. The Tories have historically been the more patriot of the two major parties of Britain, dating back to the chauvinistic electoral runs of Benjamin Disraeli in the 1870’s. As such, constructs designed at interrupting up the United Kingdom ran against traditional Tory policy. This set the Conservatives at logger?heads with the patriots of Scotland and Wales, making an implicit in tenseness that neer dissipated. Thatcher’s first term was dominated by an expansionist foreign policy and the aggressive acceptance of US?style capitalist economy that led to wildly fluctuating rates of involvement and uneven forms of employment distribution across the UK, hitting a low grade of over three million unemployed in the early 1980’s. Some of the worst hit countries were in Scotland and Wales, peculiarly the coal?dependent Rhondda Valley in South Wales. Yet attending was systematically diverted off from regional societal jobs. The Falklands War in 1982 deflected attending farther off from domestic policy, exacerbated by a right wing imperativeness that dwelled excessively long on the struggle with Argentina. The on-going run against the IRA likewise reached its zenith during this disruptive clip. Furthermore, aside from international concerns, the paradigm of province intercession was an bete noire to Conservatives after 1979. Thatcher’s Government alternatively embraced the ideals of neo?liberalism which was, by definition, non concerned with patriotism and the inherently socialist angles adopted by the Scottish and Welsh politicians. It was a authorities policy that demanded a free reign for the unfastened economic market, decreeing in the procedure that inordinate province intercession had been responsible for the financial breakabilities of the old decennary. As a consequence, between 1979 and 1983, Wales and Scotland were omitted from the full national argument to such an extent that even Labour felt it necessary to go forth out degeneration from its Party Manifesto for the 1983 General Election. Conservative territorial direction of these countries was hence appropriately missing in mawkishness during these old ages. However, throughout 1983 and beyond, the issue of Wales and Scotland was an progressively combative irritants in the side for Thatcher’s 2nd term as unemployment and the closing of heavy industry badly increased tensenesss in certain cardinal electoral pockets. The widespread work stoppages of 1984, which included 1000s of dissatisfied Scottish and Welsh mineworkers, meant that the Tories were unable to disassociate themselves from the parts as they would hold preferred to hold done. Regional aid had to be maintained in malice of nucleus Conservative desires to bow to the caprice of the free market economic system. Consequently, public financess were made available for the care of public substructures in Wales and Scotland and the proviso of capital grants to private industry were approved in the parts to buffer the radioactive dust from the lifting rates of unemployment. The cumulative effects of unequal rates of rising prices set against rates of involvement meant that, simi larly, lodging jobs were peculiarly acute in countries such as Glasgow and the South Wales Valleys. As a effect, the Tories could non release their involvement in the territorial direction of Scotland and Wales during Thatcher’s 2nd term, as Alan Butt Philip ( 1996:4 ) explains. â€Å"The Thatcher authoritiess neer wholly derelict regional policy. They proved fearful of using their economic doctrine to the full in this country, and they were trapped by go oning EC financess for regional development being tied to co-finance by UK cardinal or local authorities. After major reappraisals of regional policy in 1983 and 1988, the ‘social’ justification for regional policy was accepted, but the budget for regional grants continued to be cut in existent footings, and the countries eligible to have such grants greatly reduced in size.† The cardinal alteration in Tory policy in Wales and Scotland was hence triggered by the turning adulthood and economic duty of the EC. Rather than looking as a symbolic organic structure politic, the EC, during the 1980’s, became a cardinal participant in the distribution of regional assistance throughout the European political umbrella. Mentioning to Articles 92 and 94 of the EEC Treaty, the EC demanded that national authoritiess should non falsify economic competition within its boundary lines, which meant greater assistance for countries such as Strathclyde. Furthermore, the constitution of the European Regional Development Fund ( ERDF ) significantly affected the economic predicament of agribusiness in the countryside countries of Scotland and Wales and altered the construct of province assistance henceforth. It can be seen that Conservative policy during the 2nd half of the 1980’s with respects to the disposal of Scotland and Wales was one of economic development, integrating lodging, employment and instruction, much of it imposed against the will of the authorities. The topic of degeneration did look on the Labour Manifesto of the 1987 General Election but there was a discernable deficiency of support, peculiarly in Wales where frights of a nationalist trespass of any proposed parliament meant that the electorate remained opposed to greater powers for regional authorities. It should be noted, nevertheless, that the deficiency of popular support for degeneration did non compare to mass support for the Tory Party in Wales and Scotland. Steadily, over the class of the 1980’s, electoral support dwindled in the two national parts. The overall tapestry of electoral support was neer geared towards Conservative support in the first topographic point but, by the terminal of the 1980’s, the Tories held really few seats in either Wales or Scotland, fewer still in the most populated, urbanized parts. Indeed, the full Tory reign was everlastingly tainted with its image of viciously enforcing free market rules on an unwilling local public in these countries. As Blake and John ( 2003:73 ) put it, utilizing this policy, â€Å"to cure the British disease with socialism was like seeking to bring around leukemia with leeches.† Thatcher, in peculiar, became even more unpopular when, in 1989, she ushered through steps to present the Poll Tax in Scotland, one twelvemonth before the same economic program was set to be introduced in England and Wales. The move led to claims of the Conservatives utilizing Scotland as a testing land. The step of the success of the territorial direction of any free democratic state is ever noticeable in the electoral support of the party in power and there is no greater indictment refering the widespread failure of Conservative regional policy than the 1992 presentation in favor of Scots independency, as George Rosie ( 1999:12 ) inside informations. â€Å"Scotland seemed to run out of forbearance. A feeling of aggravation was in the air. In December 1992 while the European Council of Ministers were run intoing in Holyrood House the place regulation motion staged a street demonstration†¦ in the event more than 25000 people gathered under the Calton Hill.† This move telegraphed a cardinal displacement in attitudes towards degeneration and place regulation within UK boundary lines, assisted by Thatcher’s surrender in 1990. By the mid?1990’s, the Tories were going as unpopular in England as they had been in Wales and Scotland since 1979, though few, 20 old ages earlier, could hold foreseen the consequences of the 1997 election, which Black ( 2004:203 ) explains. â€Å"In the 1997 general election, the Conservatives lost all their Scots ( for the first clip ) and Welsh seats: the prostration of their place was structural, non the consequence of merely tactical voting.† Decision Via a ample political displacement to the centre?right, New Labour has become a close relation of Thatcherism, meted out in wellness, instruction, employment and foreign dealingss policies. Unlike Labour authoritiess of the yesteryear, the modern-day Blair embodiment has blurred the traditional demarcating lines between Tories and Labour with the consequence that many New Labour policies are seen as continuances of Conservative policies of the period 1979 to 1997. Merely via analysis of the territorial direction of Scotland and Wales can the gulf in attitudes between the Conservatives and New Labour be to the full understood. The Tories, peculiarly under Thatcher, regarded the issue of place regulation as anachronic, believing that the hereafter of the UK ballad in greater solidarity in the face of increasing calls to incorporate more to the full with the European Union. This led to a economical policy of territorial direction in the parts that relied upon the primacy of neo?liberal penchants with respects to the free market economic system. This path was inherently at odds with the fabric, fabrication and coal industries that constituted the pulse of the old embodiments of Scotland and Wales and seldom, if of all time, did the two waies meet. Bibliography Black, J. ( 2004 )Britain since the Seventiess: Politicss and Society in the Consumer AgeLondon: Reaktion Blake, S. and John, A. ( 2003 )The World Harmonizing to Margaret ThatcherLondon: Michael O’Mara Mitchell, J. ( 1990 )Conservatives and the Union: Study of Conservative Party Attitudes towards ScotlandEdinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Reitan, R.A. ( 1997 )Tory Radicalism: Margaret Thatcher, John Major and the Transformation of Modern Britain, 1979?1997London: Rowman A ; Littlefield Sherman, A. and Garnett, M. ( Eds. ) ( 2005 )The Paradoxes of Power: Contemplations on the ThatcherInterlude London: Imprint Media Rosie, G. ( 4 April1999 )Scotland’s Journey to Self-government: the Long and Winding Road to Holyrood, quoted in,Scots Sunday Herald Diaries Butt Philip, A. ( 1996 ) ,Regionalism in the United Kingdom, quoted in,Europa Journal, Number 4, Article 4Exeter: Mind Web sites Marr, AndrewScotland: the State of the Union, Politics and Devolution, quoted in, BBC Online ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bbc.co.uk/stateofnation/scotland/politics

Average amount of people late to work on a daily Essay

Average amount of people late to work on a daily - Essay Example The one chosen was had a population of 2,000 with 525 households. Only adults participated. Most people in the area had families living with them and lived just outside the base. Others had to travel to their work. Observations were also conducted directly on people living on their daily reporting routines to job. The questionnaires would then be filled by the researchers on the topics they could observe without bias. 250 questionnaires were received back, 172 of the total were completely filled, 50 were partially filled and 28 were damaged. The 172 were used to conduct the analysis. NB: those who work on weekends not included. Data was collected for only a week. This cannot give the final trend of the militia’s lateness. Therefore the data given should be compared with other research done before coming up with the final opinion. We had to ask why they failed to reach their workplaces in time. This had numerous response as they tried to justify themselves for their shortcomings. Some reasons were observed by the researchers in their data collection process. In the end we compiled the logical reasons putting others as one point while disintegrating others (Moses, 1996).The reasons given were mostly the same and they are numbered below. Lateness to work has caused many to lose their jobs, demoted to a lower position or have their salary being cut down. Warnings are always given before these consequences are faced. Those who fail to heed are the ones who suffer. When excuses are given, they should be genuine in order not to face one of the above. Sometimes people cheat to be given an excuse for coming late. They normally face a tougher punishment for doing this. These reasons are the ones which were faced by greater number of respondents. Some were minor reasons which only affected a few and could be done away with if one became serious with their work. In the event of collecting data, some of the reason were also faced by the

Package design and the consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Package design and the consumer behavior - Essay Example Other markets who might in the past have been scathing about the marketing profession and its contribution are being forced to take notice of research that suggests that 'people really do make the difference in choice of noodles'(Marchington and Wilkinson, 2002). Before the discussion is going any further, it is crucial to get the same understanding about the Consumer Behaviour itself. According to a small number of sources, Consumer Behaviour studies the process of a buying decision of customer (in group or personage). Basically put, it tries to understand What, Who, When, Where, and Why they consume a product or service. Behavioural patterns have many important implications, both theoretical and practical, for virtually all kinds of Buyer practices including product analysis, purchase, selection, training, development, performance appraisal, compensation, and even company relations (Werner, 2000; cited by Tsaur and Lin, 2004). With the dynamic environment, undoubtedly, each firm attempts to study and understand the consumer behavior due to businesses stay in business by attracting and retaining customers (Arnould, Price & Zinkhan, 2002, p6). As the vital consumer decision-making unit, family are most regularly examined by many marketers because decision making by family differs in many ways from decisions made by an individuals. According to Hawkins, greatest, and Coney, the term of family decision making is the method by which decisions that straight or circuitously engage two or more family members are made (Hawkins, Best & Coney, 1998, p195). Generally, dissimilar motivations and diverse family l ife cycles will cause unusual decision making process. In the meantime, with the different decision making procedure, the dissimilar members of family would play a variety of roles and directly influence the consequence of decision. The Stimulus-Response Model of Buyer Behaviour Sales Presentation Buyer's Hidden Mental Process Sale/No Sale If we analyze then we may know that in the stimulus-response model of buyer behavior, Marketing Stimuli (make up of the marketing mix- product, price, place, and endorsement) and Other Stimuli (such as the financial, technical, political, and educational environments) enter the customers "Black Box" and create certain responses. No doubt, marketers must try to work out what goes on in the "black box" where it can assist them to get better and offer the products and services that customers want. From the Figure 2.1, it can be seen that it has two fractions in the "black box". The first part is "Consumer Behavior" which control how buyers see and respond to the stimuli. The next part is "Consumer Decision procedure" which is the progression to find out what the buyers use to make a decision what buying behaviour is undertaken. Buying Behaviour When You Going To Buy Instant Noodle If we analyze then we come to know that Pot Noodle is a low price and low value product. Effectual branding and packaging is reliable by means of a product mix to meet a diversification of consumer needs. The product has a standing of a contemptible low excellence product this feature is overstated with the semiotic use of soft pornography. Marketers have incessantly promoted their product throughout marketing that associates

Change the Culture of an Organisation Essay Example for Free

Change the Culture of an Organisation Essay The culture of an organization can be defined by the ‘way they do things’, this means the way they make decisions, operate and how they choose and achieve their objectives. As culture is a set of values and practices, changing it may be difficult and a long process, especially if the change is organized by a new chief executive. Changing the culture of an organization may not be easy especially if the new chief executive does not fully understand the previous culture and therefore does not embrace it in the change. This lack of knowledge may result in an inappropriate culture being chosen that could limit the company’s performance as productivity reduces. An example of a badly imposed culture can been seen with the Chrysler and Damier-Benz merge in 1998. Damier-Benz imposed their traditional and structured German culture on the free-spirited American car company Chrysler. The extremely different cultures created tension that later affected their efficiency as decision-making took longer and the workforce were not happy. The inappropriate culture resulted in a loss of $1.5 billon by 2006. In 2011, the new chief executive of Tesco, Phillip Clarke, also made a cultural change which proved unsuccessful. He proposed a strategy to change Tesco’s brand image to be known for â€Å"highly valued brands† as opposed to their cheaper â€Å"Value† products. The decrease in popular promotion deals such as vouchers and meal deals reduced their sales revenue and share value which fell by 15% by the end of 2011. This suggests that Clarke failed to identify Tesco’s main source of competitively. Therefore, both examples show that cultural changes may be difficult as the new chief executives lack knowledge and experience in the company. Culture change also takes a long time, especially as traditions and values are set. A prime example of this is with Sony. Sony is a Japan-based company who prides themselves in adopting a traditional Japanese business culture. Examples of their culture can be seen with their clear line of authority and their strong belief in respect. However, Sony’s reducing performance and the fast changing world alarmed the new chief executive, Howard Stringer, to change the culture to one that embraces change. Although proposals to change the culture were made in 2007, Sony’s culture has still not fully transformed which is reflected in their still low competitively. Therefore, it may still take some time for Sony to fully embrace an innovative culture as their Japanese culture has largely influenced the organization. It also took a long time for Marks Spencer to introduce higher levels of technology, such as a stock control system, as they are said to have a ‘backward culture’. This is because they don’t embrace change and are led by system and procedures. These examples provide evidence that change in a business’s culture may not be done quickly as the organization is accustomed to the previous culture. However, changing a company’s culture can be easy if the new chief executive conducts the change in an appropriate manner. As culture change will have a direct impact on stakeholders, it is important for the new chief executive to inform all stakeholders of the changes and to also encourage feedback. The loss of the innovative leader of Apple, Steve Jobbs created much anxiety about the new CEO Tim Cook. Stakeholders feared Cook would change the company and reject all Jobbs practices especially as the two leaders have different personalities. The media worsened the situation with continuous negative press coverage which resulted in a decrease in consumer confidence as well as Apple’s share price. Although Jobbs had planned to make some strategic changes to the company’s practices, he reassured stakeholders by stating that â€Å"Apple will not change†. He also identified these new strategies and their benefits in a press release which justified his decisions and satisfied stakeholders. The newfound trust of stakeholders will enable Apple’s cultural change to be easier and happen more quickly. In view of the above, I believe that it is not easy to change the culture of a business, as the current practices are custom to the organization; this also suggests that the change will be quite a process and therefore won’t be done quickly. This situation is worsened as the chief executive is new and won’t have the necessary knowledge and understanding of the business to enable a smooth and quick transition. However, the ability for the new chief executive to change the business’s culture quickly and easily is highly dependant upon the reaction of the stakeholders. For example, BP’s customers may react positively as the new culture will increase the company’s responsiveness to customers. Shareholders may also react positively as the increase of innovation should increase BP’s competitive advantage which could increase the company’s value and share price. However, the increase in innovation may pose a threat the employees as management will expect higher quality and the need for more qualified personnel may be necessary. Therefore, support from stakeholders will encourage an easier and quickly transformation whereas negativity will not. The skills of the workforce is also important as if they are innovative the cultural change will happen faster. However, Sony is in a creative industry and their strategy to increase innovation still took a long time. This suggests that attitudes and beliefs of the workforce are also important. An easy change is also depend upon the new executives approach, is it forceful or flexible? Damier-Benz’s forceful approach result in a large amount of tension that slowed the change and resulted in a financial loss.

Essay --

Katie Maher Ms. Cooke English 12 14 December 2014 The History Of Tattoo Artistry Every day, tattoos have become apart of almost everyones daily life. Wether it be simply seeing someone with some on the street, to giving hundreds of them a day. While admiring their beauty, however, many people don’t think about the history behind the practice and how they have developed over the centuries. Tattoos have been around for thousands of years. One of the earliest evidence of tattoos being practiced was from the Iceman found with tattoos from the area of the Italian and Austrian border and was carbon dated to be around 5200 years old. Matching it's time, they use long one stakes dipped in soot. the earliest evidence of tattoos dates all the way back to 1800 BC when the Iceman was found with tattoos in Italy. His body is covered with over 50 tattoos in the form of group and lines and crosses. The Iceman had several carbon tattoos including groups of short parallel and vertical lines to both sides of the spine across mark behind the right knee and different marks they're both left and ...

Why I Deserve a Raise

Persuade your employer that you need a raise One of the most important things of my life right now is my job because without a job I can’t take care of my family. I am someone who works with you to achieve your vision and company goals – while at the same time have the confidence to make suggestions on improvements and better ways to do things. I am loyal, a good communicator, great with customers, good phone manner, flexible and committed to get the job done. I understand that you are human and from time to time will lose it, make mistakes and have a bad day – but I know not to take it personally as you will back me to the hilt.I don't abuse your generosity and you know you can trust me. I am honest, flexible and focused. I think I have shown nothing but dedication to this job since I’ve been employed by this company. I think I have shown this by doing every job that you have asked me to do. I’ve never grumbled or complained about anything you aske d me to do even if at times I feel that it was irrelevant. Even though we have a great personal relationship I still respect your authority, because I’m a firm believer that you can’t mix business and pleasure. I think I add value to this company and I bring excellent quality to this job.I go beyond the requirements of my job description. I act on my own initiative and make improvements in the day to day work of the organization. No the changes are not earth-shattering, but simple changes which increase efficiency or save money or time makes a big difference to our company. I am someone with passion, who takes ownership,   and always acts in the best interests of this company and its stakeholders. I have never been late for work and although I have a big family at home waiting for me I will stay over whenever I’m needed.I think I am exceptionally good at my job. I am very enthused about my job, I enjoy my job and I am motivated to get the results that you are looking for. I’m the type of person that doesn’t mind you delegating jobs to me. If I’m at the job I want to work, so I stay busy. Most of the time you don’t have to tell me to do something, If I see it need doing I do it. I also catch on very fast so whatever you tell me to do all you have to do is show me one time how to do it and I will do from then on. When you tell me to do something specifically, I make sure that I get to it.I prioritize and do what’s most important first. I think I show a great deal of leadership qualities. Showing these qualities cannot be done without working well with others and having a positive attitude. I am friendly and I always make an effort to get along with my co-workers. Even if there are people in the place of employment where I don’t get along with I keep my personal feelings to myself. I respect my co-workers as individuals with unique ideas. I can take constructive criticism from anybody if it helps ge t the job done.I tell the truth even when the news is bad. I have never argued with you or any of my co-workers. I believe in agreeing to disagree and respecting everyone’s opinion. I am a team player, pleasant and respectful towards everyone I encounter. Having great attendance and being on time shows that I have many other great personal attributes such as showing leadership qualities, and working hard. When I am given a task, I do a good job and see the task through to completion. I am responsible for my own actions and the work that I produce.I am always the first one on the job and the last one to leave, because I believe in being prepared, not getting there at the last minute in case there is a problem that needs to be resolved. A lot of other workers come in late or right on time that will not give them time to handle a situation if one occurs. I also always try to schedule my personal matters such as my doctor’s appointments after office hours. I think Iâ€℠¢m obligated to give my all into my job and nothing should come between that. I keep the customer first. Anything that I can do to please the customer that’s what I will do.I am grateful for the opportunity to work for your company and I enjoy doing so. I hope you agree that in the 5 years I have worked for you, I’ve become an integral member of your team and accomplished many company goals. However I am still working on the initial salary on which we agreed upon 5 years ago. As I recall we also agreed to renegotiate my salary after five years based on my accomplishments and that time has come. In light of my accomplishments and as per our agreement, I’m respectfully requesting an immediate pay raise of 6 percent and as stated earlier I feel that I am eligible for this raise.

Dramatic Conventions

Dario Fo- Can’t Pay? Won’t pay! Can't Pay? Won't Pay! Is based on Dario Fo's â€Å"Non Si Paga? Non Si Paga! â€Å", a political work that he wrote to highlight the dilemma of ordinary Italian workers during the economic crisis of the 1970s. It is said that through Dario Fo’s plays he becomes both the peoples entertainer and the peoples spokesman. What is meant by this is that Fo better connects with his audience by entertaining them with their own thoughts. He speaks for the audience and stands up for the working class citizens and political injustice.His play implied that he had full support for the lower class workers even though they commit crimes. He believed that they had no other choice than to do so, they only did it to survive. Throughout Can’t Pay? Won’t pay! Fo uses various dramatic conventions. One Dramatic convention that Fo uses to better connect with the audience is the breaking of the fourth wall. In drama the fourth wall is the in visible wall that stands between the actors on stage and the audience, it separates the world and situations created on stage from our reality.What it means to break the fourth wall is that the actors have broken down the theoretical wall between the world on stage and reality, making the audience aware that they are in fact watching a play. The way that Fo breaks down the fourth wall is by the use of the same actor in multiple roles. The character of the sergeant, inspector, old man and undertaker was played by the same actor. Fo did this to create a realisation in the audience that they had seen the same man previously making them aware that they are in fact watching a play therefore breaking down the fourth wall.Another dramatic convention that Fo’s uses throughout Can’t Pay? Won’t Pay! Is the use of slapstick humor. Slapstick is a type of comedy involving exaggerated physical violence or activities which exceed the boundaries of common sense, such as in the scene where Margherita and Antonia are convincing the inspector that Margherita is going into labour when she really just has stolen goods hidden underneath her shirt. By using this style of comedy Fo connects with the middle class working man. Though this style of comedy is extremely entertaining Fo in fact is distracting us from his real point.The point that he is trying to make by using this style of comedy is saying that the government is like the style of comedy how they exceed the boundaries of common sense. Another dramatic convention used throughout the play is black humor. â€Å"Can’t Pay? Won’t Pay! † Also deals with death. This happens when the sergeant accidentally bumps his head and fall unconscious. Whilst trying to revive the sergeant Antonia and Margherita give the sergeant hydrogen, which does not revive him but causes his belly to swell.This makes them believe that they have killed a policeman. Black humor made up of domestic violence and death is one of the most unique assets of the drama. Coincidences also play an important role throughout the play. Using coincidences Fo brings comedy to his audience. One example of this is example is that when Luigi and Giovanni are having difficulty deciding where to hide the sacks without being caught by the authorities this is when the undertaker appears. So both Giovanni and Luigi decide to put the sacks into the casket so that they may not be found.At the end of the play, Giovanni and Antonia find both of them have stolen something and that both of them had hid the stuff in their house. Without This coincidence they would not have been lead them to apologize to each other in the end. Throughout Can’t Pay? Won’t Pay! Fo integrated real political events in his play. This play is based on a true event He was inspired by a consumer revolt during the economic crisis of the mid-1970s in which people had declined to pay inflated prices.Increased living costs and higher unem ployment rates at the time made it difficult for the working class to survive. In this play, Fo let people of the lower class and working class such as housewives and factory workers, revolt to fight for their own rights of survival. For my practical work with a monologue from Can’t Pay? Won’t Pay! I had played the character of Giovanni. I had recreated the scene from act one where Giovanni cleans up after Margherita’s water breaks. The character Giovanni is a man of integrity.He would rather die than steal and had even claimed he would kill his wife if he ever found out that she has stolen. He created Giovanni to mock those in society who obey the government under any circumstances. This scene perfectly illustrates his point. In this scene we see that Giovanni is quite naive to the process of childbirth and is willing to accept it even though it makes no sense whatsoever. This is shown in the line â€Å"Blimey, all this water! But what a strange smell, like vi negar†¦ yeah, sort of brine. I’ll be damned I didn't know that before being born we spent nine months brine? †.As we can see Giovanni is extremely gullible and will believe almost anything that he is told, this also adds to the comedic element of the scene. Dario Fo’s play â€Å"Can’t Pay? Won’t Pay! † Has used various types of dramatic conventions such as black humor, the breaking down of the fourth wall, use of slapstick humor and coincidences. These features are why Can’t Pay? Won’t Pay! Has become one of Fo’s most famous works of drama. Fo’s Trait of writing politically controversial plays about working class has changed views on political injustice and has successfully obtained the support of audiences everywhere.

thesis statement example - pros and cons of minimum wage uk The WritePass Journal

thesis statement example - pros and cons of minimum wage uk Introduction thesis statement example pros and cons of minimum wage uk ). The Low Pay Commission are continually identifying employers that are not paying their workers the minimum wage (937 cases in 2010/11). Additionally, data show that in April 2011, approximately 233,000 UK adults were paid less than the minimum wage (LPC, 2012). Not all individuals receiving less than the prescribed minimum wage (currently  £6.08 p/h for over 21s,  £4.98 for 18-21 year olds [HMRC, 2012]) are doing so against the minimum wage employment law. Exceptions include workers who have accommodation provided by their employer, apprentices and interns. One group particularly vulnerable to not receiving the national minimum wage is migrant workers. Research has shown that migrant workers have filled gaps in the UK labour market, however have also put downward pressure on wages at the bottom of the distribution, which have been prevented from falling further by the national minimum wage. The existence of a minimum wage to prevent wages falling further has positive implications for native workers, meaning they do not fall subject to lower wage rates. It also however, means that wages are unable to fall to a rate at which supply meets demand potentially leading to an increase in unemployment for those in unskilled jobs. The implication s of the minimum wage for unemployment are not constrained to the presence of migrant workers, and this will be discussed in more detail later on. As well as having an impact on the labour market, migrant workers have been shown to be examples of people in the country receiving less than the prescribed rate. Research by French and Mohrke (2006) found that some employers of migrant workers put various charges on their salaries, reducing wages below the minimum wage, and deducting accommodation fees that were in excess of the legal allowance. The exploitation of migrant workers was further highlighted by Moore and Watson (2009) who discovered that they were at risk from low wages, unclear payslips and unauthorised deductions from wages. It is therefore clear that the introduction of a national minimum wage in the UK has not provided everyone in the country with a wage above the prescribed rate, however the Government measures and implemented compliance enforcing techniques are further insuring that those entitled are receiving the minimum wage. There is considerable evidence to show a compression of the lower wage distribution and therefore improvement of wage inequality as a result of the introduction of a national minimum wage. Machin et al. (2003) investigated this effect in the care home industry, a low-wage heavy sector, finding that the minimum wage had a sizeable impact on wage dispersion. The inequality between those earning in the 10th percentile (the lowest paid workers) and the 50th percentile (mid pay-range) reduced from 21% to 9%. There was no change between wages in the 50th and 90th percentile (a 34% gap). This effect is replicated in the UK labour market, with Butcher, Dickens and Manning (2012) finding evidence that income inequality at the bottom of the wage distribution since the introduction of the minimum wage. These findings demonstrate a ‘greatness’ of the minimum wage in achieving the Government’s aim of protecting the lowest earners from low wages, and achieving a more equal wage distribution. Despite evidence of the desired effects on wage equality, the ‘greatness’ of the national minimum wage is something that has received debate since its introduction, with both scepticism and support for its effect on the UK labour market and economy. Economic theory would suggest that in certain economic conditions, such as a recession, a national minimum wage would inflict a negative impact on employment, with employers being unable to afford workers and these workers being unable to offer their services for a lower wage to escape unemployment. Additionally, there is some evidence to suggest that employers substitute their unskilled workers for increased use of technology (Bullock et al., 2001; Gilman, 2002) to maintain productivity. Despite this, investigations into the rate of unemployment have shown few effects of a wage floor on jobs (Petongolo Van Reenen, 2011). The LPC acknowledges the existence of a pay level that would ‘destroy’ large numbers of jobs and aims to ensure that the minimum wage does not rise to this level (Manning, 2012). The LPC does, however, highlight several issues that have arisen in the labour market as a result of the minimum wage, which may compensate for not cutting employment rates. These responses to increased labour costs include cutting overtime hours, decreasing annual leave entitlement and pensions, merging pay zones, and reducing working hours (LPC, 2011). Although keeping individuals employed, these compensatory measures may mean that workers are not actually receiving a gain from the introduction of a minimum wage. However, the LPC subsequently states that reduced hours have not affected weekly earnings. Another viewpoint is that the minimum wage actually encourages people into the workforce by providing increased incentive to work. For the voluntarily unemployed, it becomes more beneficial for them to enter into work instead of receiving unemployment benefits. This may explain why any effect of the minimum wage on employment levels in low-earners has been negligible (Manning, 2012). It is also important to consider the effects of having to pay a minimum wage on the employers. Some businesses have responded to the minimum wage by increasing their prices, or accepting a lower profit margin (LPC, 2011). This may have implications for demand for products, and lower profits will have implications for investment in technology, advancements and training, as well as business growth. Consequently, a slowing in business growth has implications for employment, living standards, and consumer confidence (Riley, 2006). Whilst employers may suffer with increased labour costs, the minimum wage has also been suggested to have an impact on the productivity of workers. Standard neo-classical models would suggest that when introducing a minimum wage, all workers producing an output (marginal product) below that of the wage rate would likely be dismissed, as the firm substitutes labour for capital. The productivity of the workforce would therefore rise, as the same level of output w ould be required from fewer labour inputs (Forth O’Mahoney, 2003). If this scenario holds true, it is evident again that unemployment would likely increase. Alternatively, as suggested by efficiency wage theory (Rebitzer Taylor, 1995), employees may increase their marginal product in response to increased motivation from higher wages. This may also occur as a result of further employer supervision of effort as employers seek to protect their increased investment. Additional hypotheses suggest that to avoid dismissal, workers seek to increase their skills and education and therefore the quality of their output (Cubitt Heap, 1999). This has positive implication for employment, as employers will not need to dismiss any workers and therefore output would rise equally with labour costs (Forth O’Mahoney, 2003). Opposing theories claim that rather than providing incentive to gain skills and remain in employment, the guarantee that all workers receive above a minimum amount will lead to lack of labour force skill development. It has been proposed that this occurs because young unskilled workers are enticed out of education and training and into the job market (Neumark Wascher, 2008) something that has been shown in other countries. The UK’s LPC are concerned that there not be an incentive for young people to leave training (Croucher White, 2011) and additionally have observed that the decision of young adults to stay in full-time education has been unaffected by wage rates (De Coulon et al., 2010). Whilst the improvement of pay inequality at the bottom end of the wage distribution cannot be disputed, raising the pay of low skilled workers may lead to the demand for companies to ensure the maintenance of pay differentials as higher-up workers insist on pay rises. In a case study, (Denvir Loukas, 2006) found that 56% of companies interviewed had changed their hourly pay rates for those earning above the minimum wage in order to maintain wage differentials. This puts further pressure on companies’ labour costs and pressure to maintain employment levels, prices and profits. Whilst the minimum wage is pulling the lower skilled workers out of poverty, it may seek to push the wages of those greater skilled and earning employees even higher, and thus furthering inequality at the between those earning in the middle and top percentiles. This is something noted by Manning (2011) who asserts that it is those earning in the middle part of the income distribution that are feeling the real squeeze in their incomes. Although the minimum wage serves to protect those at the lower end of the wage spectrum, those earning higher rates may also be pushed out of employment or forced to absorb the work of lower skilled workers as employers are forced to make redundancies. The introduction of a national minimum wage means that all workers meeting the criteria, regardless of location within the country, are entitled to receive the minimum rate or above. This has implications for those living in more expensive regions of the UK, where the minimum wage has greater ‘bite’, reaching further up the wage distributions in certain geographic regions than others (Stewart, 2002). This therefore means that the effect of the minimum wage and way that it works will differ in each geographical area. Some theorists argue for a regional variation in minimum wages (Smith, 2006), founded on the argument that employment and company efficiency in certain regions may be adversely affected by a minimum wage rate that is above the region’s productivity levels (Dolton et al., 2008). For example, whilst a higher minimum wage may be applicable in a highly competitive and productive capital city, this wage rate may not be sustained in a rural community with lo wer costs of living. It must also be appreciated however, that productivity, unemployment and employment rates have varied across regions from well before the inception of the minimum wage. Investigation by Dolton et al. (2008) elucidates the impact of regional variation on minimum wage effects, showing that areas where the minimum wage has a larger bite experienced larger declines in the 50th percentile- 5th percentile wage ratios than elsewhere. They additionally found that these areas were more susceptible to higher rates of unemployment in the first few years of the minimum wage introduction, which then reversed with these areas experiencing lower rates of unemployment in the years to follow. Additionally, the discrepancy between the minimum wage bite between geographical regions does not just have implications for the labour market as a whole, it also affects individual workers differently. Whilst the wage has been introduced to reduce poverty, increase living standards and inequality amongst the low skilled workers, it seems ironic that this may be a case more greatly than for others dependent on where they live. Consider the case of a set of twin brothers, who both work as toilet attendants. On the minimum wage, twin A, who lives in Northumbria has a purchasing power 10% greater than twin B, who lives in greater London, meaning that twin B has to work an eleven days to be able to purchase the same goods as twin A (Office for National Statistics, 2010). Disparity such as this has been recognised by the UK government, reflected in the introduction of the London Living Wage, whereby London address holder employees of Greater London Authority member companies (such as the NHS) benefit from an increased wage rate. Overall, the ‘greatness’ of the minimum wage can be seen in its assurance that no employees of working age will be subjected to low or unfair wage rates. The national minimum wage ensures that no members of the labour force need live in poverty, although the regional variations in such a statement have implications. The quality of life and fairness for individuals provided by the minimum wage is of great importance, and this is something that is emphasised by the UK government’s efforts to ensure compliance to the minimum wage jurisdiction. Despite benefit for many individuals, a national minimum wage presents many implications for countries’ labour markets and economies. The results of these implications can be controlled with an effective wage floor rate, and the issue of balance should be carefully considered and monitored by any regulatory body. References Bullock, A., Hughes, A., Wilkinson, F. (2001) The Impact of the National Minimum Wage on Small and Medium Sized Businesses in the Cleaning and Security Sectors, Cambridge: Centre for Business Research. Butcher, T., Dickens, R., Manning, A. (2012) â€Å"The Impact of the National Minimum Wage on the Wage Distribution†. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. Croucher, R. Rizov, M. (2011) The Impact of the UK National Minimum Wage on Productivity by Low-paying Sectors and Firm-size Groups. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. Cubitt, R. Heap, S. (1999) Minimum wage legislation, investment and human capital, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 46, pp. 135-57. De Coulon, A., E. Meschi, E., Swaffield, J., Vignoles, A., Wadsworth, J. (2010) Minimum Wage and Staying-on Rates in Education for Teenagers. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. Denvir, A. Loukas, G. (2006) The Impact of the National Minimum Wage: Pay Differentials and Workplace Change. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2011) National Minimum Wage Annual Report for 2010/11. London: Crown Copyright. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2010) National Minimum Wage Compliance Strategy. London: Crown Copyright. Dickens, R., Manning, A (2004) Has the national minimum wage reduced UK wage inequality? Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A, 167, 613-626. diNardo, J., Fortin, N., Lemieux, T. (1996) Labour market institutions and the distribution of wages, 1973-1993: A semi-parametric approach. Economertrica, 64(5), pp. 1001-1045. Dolton, P., Rosazza-Bondibene, C. Wadsworth, J. (2008) The Geography of the National MW, Report for the Low Pay Commission. Gilman, M., Edwards, P., Ram, M. Arrowsmith, J. (2002) Pay determination in small firms in the UK: the case of the response to the National Minimum Wage, Industrial Relations Journal, 33(1), pp. 52- 67. HM Revenue and Customs (n.d) The National Minimum Wage [WWW] HM Revenue and Customs. Available from: hmrc.gov.uk/paye/payroll/day-to-day/nmw.htm [Accessed 01/08/2012]. Forth, J., O’Mahoney, M. (2003) The impact of the national minimum wage on labour productivity: An analysis using industry data. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. French, S., Mohrke, J. (2006) â€Å"The Impact of ‘new arrivals’ upon the North Staffordshire labour market†. Research Report for the low Pay Commission. Lee, D. (1999) Wage inequality in the United States during the 1980s: Rising dispersion or falling minimum wage? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3), pp. 977-1023. Low Pay Commission (2007) National Minimum Wage, Low Pay Commission Report. London: Crown Copyright. Low Pay Commission (2011) National Minimum Wage, Low Pay Commission Report. London: Crown Copyright. Low Pay Commission (2012) National Minimum Wage, Low Pay Commission Report. London: Crown Copyright. Machin, S., Manning, A., Rahman, L. (2003) Where Minimum Wage Bites Hard: The Introduction of the UK National Minimum Wage to a Low Wage Sector. Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(1), pp. 154-180. Manning, A. (2011) Wage inequality and job polarization show that it is time to be pursuing from the highest-earners to those with middle and lower incomes. [WWW] British Politics and Policy at LSE. Available from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/38319/ (Accessed: 01/08/2012). Moore, S., Watson, M (2009) UNISON Migrant Workers Participation Project Evaluation Report. London: UNISON Communications Unit. Neumark, D. W. Wascher, (2008). Minimum Wages. Cambridge: MIT Press. Office for National Statistics (2010) UK Relative Regional Consumer Price levels for Goods and Services for 2010. Office for National Statistics. Petrongolo, B., Van Reenen, J. (2011) The level of youth unemployment is at a record high. Policy makers should focus on strengthening and refining welfare-to-work and education-to-work programmes and forget about caps on immigration or reductions in the minimum wage which would do nothing to help. [WWW]   British Politics and Policy at LSE. Available from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/38022/. (Accessed: 01/08/2012). Rebitzer, J., Taylor, L. (1995). The consequences of minimum wage laws: Some new theoretical ideas. Journal of Public Economics, 56, pp. 245-255. Riley, J (2006) AS Macroeconomics/ International Economy [WWW] Tutor2u. Available from: http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/as-macro-economic-growth.html {Accessed: 01/08/2012}. Smith, D. (2006) Does Britain Have Regional Justice or Injustice in its Government Spending and Taxation?, Economic Research Council Digest, 37(1), pp. 9-26. Stewart M. (2002) Estimating the impact of the minimum wage using geographical wage variation, Oxford Bulletin of Economics Statistics, 64(5), pp. 583-606.

Change in vc startups in recent years essays

Change in vc startups in recent years essays The Change in VC startups in recent years. During the prosperous internet boom of the late nineties venture capitalists threw their money at the young entrepreneurs and their internet startups. The older and more experienced entrepreneurs and their more traditional business outlook were thought to be old and outdated. The internet startups were seen as the seeds of change in a new economy. Perhaps they were, but an unforeseen downfall in the E-conomy has changed all that. In the past two years that bias has changed venture capitalists have reset their values once again looking to older more experienced entrepreneurs, or ones who have already made the mistakes and learned from them. You throw away the ones who are new to this experience and you are more likely to get a good business plan. -Jesse Reyes of Venture Economics. Statistically, the age of start up founding teams has gone way up. Venture Capitalists are looking for business plans that will outlive the short term. Especially in this economy, seeing that in the internet boom mistakes could be made and the market could carry you forward. The pad of the forward spiraling market is no longer there. Therefore the new startups would be, Jumping without a net. Investors see this and wont take the risk with a young new entrepreneur who hasnt experienced the pitfalls that some of the older ones have. A bright young guy might have the drive, and passion, but he lacks the seasoned view about how not to get trapped by going down a rat hole. Weve been there and done that. Said, Ralph Cognac who launched Integrated Telecom Express which went public in 2000. Ralph, 59, along with Jim Kubinec, 63, and Rich Forte, 60, just launched RFco. (A radio frequency chip producer located in Los Gatos.) Together they received $16.5 million from investors who saw them as a secure investment. In conclusion, wise venture capitalists and inv...

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English Language - Business Writing ( memmo and informal reports ) - Essay Example ch allow readers to validate where the information stems from as well as to provide readers with the ability to personally investigate information† (Bolt, 2007). In the workplace, weblogs can allow the company to gain a deeper understanding of what â€Å"clients actually want, need and will pay money for† (Innovation Creators, 2007). This article on ‘How to use Blogs in the Workplace’ states the opportunity for personal motivation and focused business communication amongst the uses for weblogs besides public relations and marketing. When used to facilitate focused business communication, weblogs can be effectively used â€Å"as a platform to help people withing your company communicate about what they are doing for work† (ibid). Not many CEO’s use blogging mainly for reasons of time and the fact that it is more likely to be under scrutiny by employees (Jeremiah, 2007). However, if used carefully, it is quite simply an easy and powerful means of communicating. In fact, weblogs are a mass communications channel for company information, public relations as well as internal communications. And, the medium of technology makes the whole process of blogging easier. Through the Internet it is easy to reach a huge global audience not limited to the company or immediate market. Debbie Weil author of The Corporate Blogging Book says that, â€Å"an effective blog enables you to have a two-way conversation with customers and employees†. Also, weblogs can make effective use of a combination of images, audio and video content too besides text. The sheer quantity of webblogs is very large but Internet search tools are powerful in finding the precise information required. Weblogs also help to build connected businesses. Hyperlinks make it possible to link with related information from other writers. I strongly urge to consider the option of blogging to supplement your existing communication methods to reach out to your audience more effectively. It is a popular trend and

Value Creation and Value Capture in Corporate Governance Essay Example for Free

Value Creation and Value Capture in Corporate Governance Essay Abstract We have followed the value-based approach to investigate a major corporate governance reform affecting publically listed firms in China. The regulations required that, in each firm, the owners of non-tradable shares (block shareholders) negotiate with the owners of tradable shares (minority shareholders) to determine the compensation paid to the latter for allowing non-tradable shares to trade on the stock market. If such an agreement is not obtained, the firm is forbidden to use equity refinancing in the future. The present study emphasizes the joint effect of value creation and value capture in determining the level of compensation, and finds that firms that expect to generate higher returns from future investments but face greater constraints in seeking non-equity-based financing tend to issue higher levels of compensation. This joint effect is further moderated by factors related to investment returns and corporate governance. The empirical evidence lends strong support to theoretical predictions. This study has important implications for corporate governance in emerging markets, and the application of the value-based approach to corporate governance research in general. Keywords: Value-Based Approach, Corporate Governance, Liquidity Reform, Bargaining, China *Contact: Nan Jia, Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, Email: [emailprotected], Tel: 213-740-1045; Yongxiang Wang, Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, Email: [emailprotected], Tel: 213-740-7650. Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Olivier Chatain, Gabriel Natividad, Victor Bennett, and Joanne Oxley for their helpful comments. 1. Introduction Value creation and value appropriation are central to the question of how economic actors cooperate in value-producing activities and then compete to divide the value created – a phenomenon that is fundamental to business strategy (MacDonald and Ryall, 2004; Gans, MacDonald, and Ryall, 2008; Chatain and Zemsky, 2011). To address this question, a rapidly growing body of research supports a value-based approach based on formal modeling (Brandenburger and Stuart, 1996, 2007; MacDonald and Ryall, 2004). The value-based approach has proven to be powerful tools for advancing our understanding of a wide range of topics in strategic management, such as market competition (MacDonald and Ryall, 2004; Gans et al., 2008), firms’ resource advantages (Lippman and Rumelt, 2003), buyer-supplier relationships (Chatain and Zemsky, 2007; Chatain, 2011; Jia, forthcoming), firms’ sustainable competitive advantages (Adner and Zemsky, 2006), social network positions (Ry all and Sorenson, 2007), and team organization (Bennett, 2012). What has escaped researchers’ attention so far is to employ the value-based approach to advance our understanding of corporate governance issues. As one of the most investigated field in strategic management, corporate governance research focuses on how various governance structures align the incentives of all types of stakeholders (Daily, Dalton, and Rajagopalan 2003; Walls, Berrone, and Phan, 2012). Although theoretically speaking, inherent to many corporate governance issues is the tension between value creation and value capture, as stakeholders design corporate governance arrangements essentially both to incentivize all parties to work hard to increase the overall firm value, and to assist their competition with other stakeholders regarding sharing the value created (e.g., Tirole, 2001, Jensen, 2001), most strategy research has given overwhelming attention to the latter effect of competing over value appropriation, often called â€Å"stakeholder opportunism† (v. We rder, 2011). In particular, the research of firm governance in emerging markets has predominantly placed opportunism and misappropriation of minority shareholders center-stage, and appropriately so, as rampant expropriation of minority shareholders generates inefficiencies and stalls economic growth (Morck, Stangeland, and Yeung, 2000; Morck, Wolfenzon, and Yeung, 2005). We believe, however, that stronger protection of minority shareholders also requires incorporating the value creation perspective, to more closely link corporate governance to obtaining cooperation of all shareholders in assisting firms’ business operation in the future, instead of treating the bargaining between stakeholders merely as a zero-sum game. The following example of a major corporate governance reform in China clearly shows how focusing on expropriation in a zero-sum game alone fails to reach the insights that can be achieved by the value-based approach. Prior to 2005, all firms listed in China’s stock ma rket had two types of shareholders: owners of tradable shares and owners of non-tradable shares. Both types of shareholders enjoy the same voting rights and the same cash flow rights. The only difference between these shareholders is embodied in their names: tradable shares can be traded freely on the stock market, while non-tradable shares cannot be traded on the stock market. Tradable shares are typically held by minority shareholders including individuals and institutional investors, and non-tradable shares are typically held by block shareholders, such as other business firms and the state. The 2005 reform was orchestrated by the CSRC (China Securities Regulatory Commission, China’s SEC-equivalent) to make all non-tradable shares tradable. In it, the CSRC stipulates that, for every firm, the non-tradable shareholders negotiate with the tradable shareholders to determine the compensation received by the latter (from the former1) in exchange for enabling non-tradable shares to trade on the stock market. The failure to reach such an agreement prohibits the firm from refinancing in the stock market. Absent the value creation perspective, viewing this ownership reform as the shareholders competing only to appropriate a larger share of a fixed â€Å"pie† makes it very difficult to explain why powerful, large shareholders are willing to compensate minority shareholders. 2 Moreover, students of corporate governance in emerging markets are well versed with how block shareholders expropriate minority shareholders, and thus may expect limited compensation paid to the latter. However, such explanations are incomplete. Through the lens of the value-based approach, we argue that the reform enables competition to create as well as to appropriate value. Reaching an agreement to reform the ownership structure increases a firm’s value in the future, as it provides the firm with access to equity refinancing to fund future investments. Therefore, non-tradable shareholders’ compensation for the minority shareholders in the reform should depend on their share of the firms’ expected returns from using equity refinancing to fund business operations in the future. We show that, the compensation for tradable shareholders (minority shareholders) include some of the value that non-tradable shareholders (block shareholders) expect to gain from the firm’s future investment, because the compensation reflects how much minority shareholders could hold up the block shareholders from creating more value through future investments. Using a formal model and then corroborating it with empirical evidence, we show that non-tradable shareholders are more willing to compensate tradable shareholders to reform the ownership when the firm is more effective in investments but face greater constraints with regard to alternative financing.

Cultural Diversity Essay -- School Education Diverse Essays

Cultural Diversity Children should be exposed to all segments of society. Youngsters learning with children of different races, nationalities, and religions tend to be more tolerant and accepting of individual differences. They learn customs, beliefs and rituals of classmates that maybe quite different from what they have been taught. Youngsters learning in an environment of diversity are well prepared to deal more effectively in society after they complete their education. A mutual respect and understanding of other cultures removes barriers and stereotypes. Individual differences need to be threatening. In fact, knowledge of other cultures helps a person realize and appreciate the similarities more than the differences. It is most important that the teacher is trained to teach about and respect individual differences. A diverse group of youngsters can add a great deal to the classroom environment. Interaction between children, handled effectively, can promote a climate of curiosity, mutual respect an d acceptance. Nina Rees addressed the topic of teaching styles at both public and private school systems. She suggested students achieve greater results in an environment in which competition and different religious and cultural backgrounds exist. (Rees 93). Although students may have a different religion, culture, race and socio-economic level, they all deserve an equally outstanding education. There is a national attempt to give parents the option of a public or a private education for their youngsters. "There is also such a thing as a Voucher System. In "PUBLIC SCHOOLS, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, SPECIAL NEEDS, AND VOUCHER SYSTEMS- A GENERAL REVIEW OF BASIC PRINCIPLES," the author writes, "the idea of the voucher system is that parents ... ...iling grades coming from the students, they are remaining open and continue to be rewarded with extra funding. Viadero,D. Increased choice found to have modest impact on school improvement. Edweek. Retrieved October 7,2002 from Edweek.com Greene,J.P. (2001). The surprising consensus on school choice. Public interest,144,pp.19. Retrieved November 22,2002 from britannica.com Rees,N.S. School choice: a report card. World & I, 15 (9),pp.28. Retrieved November 23,2002 from britannica.com Private vs. public schools. www.internetcampus.com Public schools,private schools,special needs,and voucher systems. www.angelfire.com School choice programs: what?s happening in the states? www.heritage.org/schools/ Schoolreformers. www.schoolreformers.com Test scores: public vs. private schools. http://osx.soc.uh.edu/~bmoeller/kpftnews/092002story6.html Cultural Diversity Essay -- School Education Diverse Essays Cultural Diversity Children should be exposed to all segments of society. Youngsters learning with children of different races, nationalities, and religions tend to be more tolerant and accepting of individual differences. They learn customs, beliefs and rituals of classmates that maybe quite different from what they have been taught. Youngsters learning in an environment of diversity are well prepared to deal more effectively in society after they complete their education. A mutual respect and understanding of other cultures removes barriers and stereotypes. Individual differences need to be threatening. In fact, knowledge of other cultures helps a person realize and appreciate the similarities more than the differences. It is most important that the teacher is trained to teach about and respect individual differences. A diverse group of youngsters can add a great deal to the classroom environment. Interaction between children, handled effectively, can promote a climate of curiosity, mutual respect an d acceptance. Nina Rees addressed the topic of teaching styles at both public and private school systems. She suggested students achieve greater results in an environment in which competition and different religious and cultural backgrounds exist. (Rees 93). Although students may have a different religion, culture, race and socio-economic level, they all deserve an equally outstanding education. There is a national attempt to give parents the option of a public or a private education for their youngsters. "There is also such a thing as a Voucher System. In "PUBLIC SCHOOLS, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, SPECIAL NEEDS, AND VOUCHER SYSTEMS- A GENERAL REVIEW OF BASIC PRINCIPLES," the author writes, "the idea of the voucher system is that parents ... ...iling grades coming from the students, they are remaining open and continue to be rewarded with extra funding. Viadero,D. Increased choice found to have modest impact on school improvement. Edweek. Retrieved October 7,2002 from Edweek.com Greene,J.P. (2001). The surprising consensus on school choice. Public interest,144,pp.19. Retrieved November 22,2002 from britannica.com Rees,N.S. School choice: a report card. World & I, 15 (9),pp.28. Retrieved November 23,2002 from britannica.com Private vs. public schools. www.internetcampus.com Public schools,private schools,special needs,and voucher systems. www.angelfire.com School choice programs: what?s happening in the states? www.heritage.org/schools/ Schoolreformers. www.schoolreformers.com Test scores: public vs. private schools. http://osx.soc.uh.edu/~bmoeller/kpftnews/092002story6.html